The popular Discovery Channel program “Mythbusters” debunked allegations that the U.S. Moon landings were faked, in an August 27 episode.

It pointed out that Apollo astronauts left several retro-reflectors on the Moon, which have been “pinged” with powerful lasers from Earth, sending a signal back. Apollo missions 11, 14, and 15 left reflectors where they landed – clear evidence they traveled to the Moon.

The mythbusters conducted elaborate experiments to debunk popular claims by hoax believers. Some examples:

Films of a flag flapping on the Moon mean there must have been wind blowing, but there’s no atmosphere on the Moon.

The mythbusters placed a replica American flag in a vacuum chamber, to test if a flag could flap in an environment with no atmosphere. They found that moving the flag’s staff, as the astronauts did when they planted it in lunar soil, caused the flag to flap vigorously, as if it were being blown by a breeze.

You can’t make a clear footprint in lunar soil because it contains no moisture.

Because the Moon lacks water and an atmosphere, lunar soil particles are not smoothed by erosion. Their sharp edges make them able to hold a well-defined footprint. The mythbusters used a spacesuit boot to make a footprint in dry material that the National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA) uses to simulate lunar soil. When done in a vacuum chamber, this left a footprint very similar to ones made on the Moon.

Why are no stars visible in the sky in many photographs taken on the Moon?

The program called attention to a web site that explains this puzzle. The light hitting the Moon’s surface from the sun is so bright that it “washes out” the relatively dim light from stars in the background in photographs, just as bright city lights make it hard to see stars at night.